History of Africa

Archaic humans emerged out of Africa between 0.5 and 1.8 million years ago. This was followed by the emergence of modern humans in East Africa around 300,000–250,000 years ago. In the 4th millenium BC written history arose in Ancient Egypt, and later in Nubia’s Kush, the Horn of Africa’s Dʿmt, and the Maghreb's and Ifrikiya's Carthage. Sub-Saharan societies are generally termed oral rather than literate civilisations, owing to their reverence for the oral word and use of oral tradition even when a writing system has historically been adapted or developed; for example the jeli tradition in the Mali Empire and the oral recordation of the Kouroukan Fouga while having adapted the Arabic script to be used in scholarly pursuits. Between around 1000 BC and 1000 AD, the Bantu expansion swept from north-western Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa in waves, laying the foundations for states in Central, Eastern, and Southern regions.

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