Tonkawa massacre

Massacre of Tonkawa tribe members during the American Civil War

The Tonkawa massacre occurred after an attack at the Confederate-held Wichita Agency, located at Fort Cobb near Anadarko in the Indian Territories, when a detachment of irregular Union Indian troops, made up of the Tonkawa's long-hated tribal enemies, detected a weakness at Fort Cobb due to the Civil War and attacked the agency, home to 300-390 members of the Tonkawa, a tribe sympathetic to the Confederacy. During the attack on the Confederate-held agency, the Confederate Indian agent Matthew Leeper and several other whites were killed. In response to this attack the Tonkawa fled southward toward Confederate-held Fort Arbuckle. However, before they could reach the safety of the fort they were caught on October 24. In the resulting massacre, the estimates of Tonkawa dead were 137-240 men, women and children, among them Chief Ha-shu-ka-na. One account states that the Tonkawa were roasted alive by the Comanche. There are varying accounts of the tribes involved in the massacre with the Osage, Shawnee, Caddo, Delaware, Comanche, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Wichita and Seminole being named in some accounts.

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